{"id":1991,"date":"2014-03-31T08:00:52","date_gmt":"2014-03-31T06:00:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.henle.de\/blog\/en\/?p=1991"},"modified":"2015-05-29T13:34:07","modified_gmt":"2015-05-29T11:34:07","slug":"listeners-are-also-only-human","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/2014\/03\/31\/listeners-are-also-only-human\/","title":{"rendered":"Listeners are also only human"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Observations on the necessity of body language in piano playing<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_1997\" style=\"width: 270px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/files\/2014\/03\/Busch-1.jpg\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1997\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1997\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/files\/2014\/03\/Busch-1.jpg\" alt=\"Wilhelm Busch: &quot;Der Virtuos&quot;, 1865 (Source: Wikimedia.org, Licence: PD)\" width=\"260\" height=\"257\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/files\/2014\/03\/Busch-1.jpg 649w, https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/files\/2014\/03\/Busch-1-300x297.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1997\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wilhelm Busch: &quot;Der Virtuos&quot;, 1865 (Source: Wikimedia.org, Licence: PD)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>For today, an altogether practical subject for those of us who play piano and are pianists: Perhaps it has still not gotten about every\u00adwhere that piano playing appeals to the eye more than to the ear! Pianists have then a fair chance of winning competitions only if they re\u00adin\u00adforce their playing with expressive body movements and facial expressions. A current, reportedly serious <a href=\"http:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2013\/08\/the-look-of-music\/\" target=\"blank\">study<\/a> proves it: That is to say, upon merely watching soundless (!) com\u00adpe\u00adtition shots, lay people as well as pro\u00adfes\u00adsio\u00adnals chose the same (!) winners as the expert panel of judges at the same competition. In other words: the eye, not the ear pre\u00adde\u00adter\u00admines solid piano playing. Or put another way: The jury, wearing earplugs, would also have nominated the same winner. Now that\u2019s something to really make you think\u2026.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Personally, I\u2019m surprised at the results of the study because such \u201cantics\u201d rather distract from what is essential. On the other hand, I am also reminded of a comment by Alfred Brendel as to the enormously suggestive effect body-language signs can have on the listener. I\u2019ll be looking briefly into both aspects in the following.<\/p>\n<p>We may shrug off Lang Lang\u2019s extreme body language as unnecessary fuss. But its effect on most listeners is just for that reason so magical. He would have been able to win any piano competition! Here is a splendid example of Lang Lang\u2019s body-language (mass-)sug\u00adgestion in a live performance of the <strong><em>2<sup>nd<\/sup> Hungarian Rhapsody<\/em><\/strong> by Liszt (it\u2019s worth\u00adwhile watching it to the \u201cbitter end\u201d \u2026 especially in terms of today\u2019s blog subject):<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=R-EGKpbIBuw<\/p>\n<p>The pianist Marc-Andr\u00e9 Hamelin would be in turn hardly likely to win a competition. His calm, almost stoical bearing is in greatest contrast to Lang Lang\u2019s: The same Liszt show\u00adpiece is put through its paces in technically admirable mastery, far more commandingly and musically than Lang Lang plays it, but with ramrod-stiff focus (also worthwhile viewing on YouTube and listening to the whole piece):<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/pIMzL2-4bjg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Without doubt the very best live recording of this piece, with respect, that is, to the body-language aspect, is certainly the one by Victor Borge \u263a:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/BcV19rylSZc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>All musicians, men or women, will of course have to decide for themselves how much they would be willing to turn themselves inside out for the audience. But there is now definitely a music-scoring situation where one \u201chas to\u201d be moving around in order to have the desired effect on the audience: The sustained piano sound calling for crescendo and\/or decrescendo:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/files\/2014\/03\/Abb-1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-2013\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/files\/2014\/03\/Abb-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"236\" height=\"176\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<br class=\"clear\" \/><br \/>\n<span><strong>Fig. 1: L. v. Beethoven, <em>Piano Sonata<\/em> op. 7, 4<sup>th<\/sup> mvt., mm. 62-64 (beginning) (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.henle.de\/en\/detail\/index.html?Title=Klaviersonate+Nr.+4+Es-dur+op.+7_773\" target=\"blank\">HN 773<\/a>)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<br class=\"clear\" \/><br \/>\n<br class=\"clear\" \/><br \/>\nWhat might Beethoven have meant with this strange crescendo directive and how on the piano do I make the sound swell from <strong><em>p<\/em><\/strong> to the <strong><em>sf<\/em><\/strong> that the next measure asks for? I do not know of any such \u201cunplayable\u201d directive for dynamics in piano music \u201cbefore\u201d Beethoven. But it does occasionally occur with Beethoven (I have also found such passages in Schu\u00adbert, Schumann, Liszt, Rachmaninoff). Beethoven seems to be the first of all who pushed the sonorous limits of the keyboard instrument in this manner. Beethoven\u2019s autograph of the <strong><em>Piano Sonata<\/em> op. 7<\/strong> is lost, but this unrealisable <strong><em>p<\/em><\/strong> with following crescendo is ac\u00adtu\u00adal\u00adly in the first edition. Within the passage\u2019s context it nevertheless seems clear what Beet\u00adhoven meant (heard\/intended), but notated strangely: that is, a \u201cbig\u201d crescendo over four measures to the C-minor fortissimo (m. 64).<\/p>\n<p>A similar, \u201cimpossible\u201d passage is to be found right at the start of the first movement in the <strong><em>Piano Sonata<\/em> Op. 31 No.\u00a03<\/strong>. Again, no Beethoven manuscript exists, and we are dependent editorially on the first edition. The odd-appearing <em>cresc.<\/em> for the sustained chord in measure 4&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/files\/2014\/03\/Abb-2.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2023\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/files\/2014\/03\/Abb-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"671\" height=\"196\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/files\/2014\/03\/Abb-2.jpg 671w, https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/files\/2014\/03\/Abb-2-300x87.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 671px) 100vw, 671px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span><strong>Fig. 2: L. v. Beethoven, <em>Piano Sonata<\/em> op. 31 No. 3, 1<sup>st<\/sup> mvt. mm. 1-6 (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.henle.de\/en\/detail\/index.html?Title=Piano+Sonata+no.+18+E+flat+major+op.+31+no.+3_755\" target=\"blank\">HN 755<\/a>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&#8230;does not have any corresponding parallel passage; it is already different from the quar\u00adter beats repeated just before. I read the passage as like that in the 4th movement of Op. 7: Beethoven wants a \u201cbig\u201d, drawn-out crescendo up to the <strong><em>sf<\/em><\/strong> in measure 6 (and so also at the movement\u2019s numerous other passages). One last Beethoven passage:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/files\/2014\/03\/Abb-3.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-2025\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/files\/2014\/03\/Abb-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"209\" height=\"194\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<br class=\"clear\" \/><br \/>\n<span><strong>Fig. 3: L. v. Beethoven, <em>Les-Adieux-Sonata<\/em> op. 81a, 1<sup>st<\/sup> mvt., m. 252\u2013254 (geginning) (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.henle.de\/en\/detail\/index.html?Title=Piano+Sonata+no.+26+E+flat+major+op.+81a+%28Les+Adieux%29_723\" target=\"blank\">HN 723<\/a>)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<br class=\"clear\" \/><br \/>\n<br class=\"clear\" \/><br \/>\nHere, we must know that the <em>cresc.&#8212;<\/em> shows up only in Beethoven\u2019s autograph of the <strong><em>Les-Adieux-Sonata<\/em> op. 81a<\/strong>, but not in the first edition that he corrected. Alfredo Casella, in the commentary to his Ricordi edition (1919\/20), would advise simply ignoring this <em>cresc.<\/em> and playing the subsequent octave <em>b<\/em>\u266d pianissimo \u2013 because the crescendo cannot be executed.<\/p>\n<p>Alfred Brendel now offers a solution worth considering as a matter of principle for this kind of problem of how we might appropriately be able to play such \u201cunplayable\u201d pas\u00adsages: With the aid of body-language gestures. He writes:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cThe sound of longer notes on the piano can be modified (1) by means of the accompanying parts where such are present, (2) by means of syncopated pedals and (3) by means of a process of movement displaying the pianist\u2019s cantabile conception. These movements have an impact essentially on the touch of the note itself, but also on its preparation and continuation. Many crescendi on a single note can be conveyed in the concert hall only by suggestion.\u201d (Alfred Brendel, Nachdenken \u00fcber Musik, Munich, 1982, p. 35).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>According to this, body language is very important not only for winning potential com\u00adpe\u00adtitions, but no, also for realising the music text. Apparently, only the piano player who can be moved by the composer\u2019s intention of the really inaudible \u2013 emotional, who can also be correspondingly \u2013 bodily \u2013 moved, and only whoever is moved in such a way can also move the others, the listeners who above all are also spectators. These actually think then of experiencing a sustained surging and receding piano sound, even though in reality it is not to be heard.<\/p>\n<p>Why not give it a try sometime.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2029\" style=\"width: 601px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/files\/2014\/03\/Busch-2.jpg\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2029\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2029\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/files\/2014\/03\/Busch-2.jpg\" alt=\"Wilhelm Busch: &quot;Der Virtuos&quot;, 1865 (Source: Wikimedia.org, Licence: PD)\" width=\"591\" height=\"392\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/files\/2014\/03\/Busch-2.jpg 1477w, https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/files\/2014\/03\/Busch-2-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/files\/2014\/03\/Busch-2-1024x680.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 591px) 100vw, 591px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2029\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wilhelm Busch: &quot;Der Virtuos&quot;, 1865 (Source: Wikimedia.org, Licence: PD)<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Observations on the necessity of body language in piano playing &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/2014\/03\/31\/listeners-are-also-only-human\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[406,276,400,402,284,401,3,322,404,355,405,403],"tags":[7,175,177,100,44,67,176,29],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1991"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1991"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1991\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1991"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1991"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.henle.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1991"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}